A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in Energy

Nowadays, the installations ofphotovoltaics (PVs) in the smart grid and roof photovoltaic (PVr) have been growing dramatically because the price of PVs is falling drastically. Undoubtedly, this is a great achievement for the recent smart grid technology but the addition of large amounts of solar to the grid promises to fundamentally change the shape of that daily demand profile -in ways that make it look like a duck. In a Duck curve, peak and off-peak gaps are very large which increase the start-up cost (SUC) of thermal generations (TGs) because the units of TGs must be turnedon and turned OFF frequently. Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) seem to be an interesting new electrical load for improving the reliability of power supply. The purpose of this work is large penetration of solar generation with Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) seems a promising solution for energy cost saving. The system mainly includes PEVs powered by a Lithium-ion battery ensuring the charging and discharging operations can be an effective way to integrate non- dispatchable renewable generation, smoothing the load curve, contributing to the system stability by providing regulation services. PEV might increase total demand, but its optimal charging smooths the net demand (to be supplied by thermal units). Again, to encourage the consumers to participate in the flattening of Duck curve, Time of Use (ToU) based electricity pricing can playa very important rule. ToU based electricity pricing can facilitate the utility and consumer at the same time. Finally, neither solar nor PEV penetrations are totally profitable for the system with the assumptions made, since their investments costs do not compensate the production cost decrement, but grid parity is almost reached for both technologies.

Thesis (M.Eng.) - Asian Institute of Technology, 2019