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    <subfield code="a">Dorji, Lam</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Conservation and development strategies :</subfield>
    <subfield code="b">considering economic needs of the community of Phobjikha, Bhutan</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Bangkok :</subfield>
    <subfield code="b">Asian Institute of Technology,</subfield>
    <subfield code="c">1998</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Thesis ;</subfield>
    <subfield code="v">no. SR-98-02</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of  Engineering, School of Environment, Resources and Development</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Thesis (M. Sc.) - Asian Institute of Technology, 1998</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Environmental conservation has emerged as a topic of serious concern both in the developed  and developing countries. At global, regional and national levels, the degrading quality of the  environment is a concern of both rich and the poor. However, reactions to this concern come in  the form of projects and programs that are geared towards the conservation or restoration of the  natural resources and ecosystem components. These projects and programs are implemented  with monetary assistance from the rich, with regulations and at best with support and  participation of the local people. Some projects or programs have succeeded and some have not.  The successful ones, in the modem sense enhance economic development without  compromising the quality of the environment or enhance the environmental quality or the  ecosystem components. Successes and failures in most cases are judged from the viewpoints of  experts. It is not quite the same in case of this study. This thesis presents the results of a research  study on the Black-necked crane conservation program in the valley of Phobjikha in  Wangdiphodrang - Bhutan. Protecting black-necked crane and its habitat i.e., Phobjikha rests on  an understanding of the crane and its habitat as part of a larger ecosystem and that it is a rare  and endangered species, a matter of worldwide concern. The study is built around the views of  the community people towards the BNC conservation program with emphasis on the benefit cost analysis and excludes expert or professional views.  To portray a complete picture of the study area, social, cultural, economic and ecolo&amp;rical details  are included. The social, cultural, and environmental aspects that favor the black-necked cranes  have adverse economic impacts on the communities by way of lost opportunities or of direct  costs such as damage of crops by cranes. Phobjikha culture incorporates respect for sentient  beings and bas a history of harmonious co-existence with the cranes. The economy is rural  subsistence with a fairly large average family size of eight and 52.42% unproductive population.  The natural limitations of the area and conservation regulations are some factors that keep the  economy as subsistence. The priorities of the communities are purely economic needs identified  by them as having direct or indirect trade-off with black-necked crane conservation program.  There are also benefits that the people derive.  A benefit cost analysis has been performed and future and past values have been derived so as to  get an understanding of expected cost and benefits in the future. The benefits and costs of BNC  conservation lack diversity and the greatest benefits derived by the people are intangible. Moral  benefit is a major contributor to the overall benefit of the program as perceived by the  community people. Some aspects that are cost to the community are benefits to the program  indicating negligence of the program of its potential impacts on the program. Nonetheless, the  monetary value of benefits and costs reveal the program as truly beneficial to the people. The  benefit cost ratio of 3.43 indicates high feasibility of this conservation program under the  assumed conditions. Dynamics analysis was carried out assuming changes in the attitude of the  people in the future. Statistical test reveal that the average total benefit derived by the  community is greater than expected by the program agencies although it could not be  ascertained that the community was bearing lower cost than that of the program. ln general, the  various components of the study revealed pros, cons and trends for which necessary  recommendations have been made for an integrated approach to conservation and development  initiatives in the future.</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Remigio, Amador A.,</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Russel E. Train Education for Nature Fund, WWF - US,</subfield>
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