Nyein Chan Win Naing creator Attaphongse Taparugssanagorn Chairperson Adisorn Lertsinsrubtavee Co-chairperson Chantri Polprasert Examination committee Chaklam Silpasuwanchai Examination committee text series technical report th Pathum Thani, Thailand Asian Institute of Technology 2025 continuing eng

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108 leaves : ill.+ 1 online resource Low-Power Wide-Area Networks using standard LoRaWAN struggle with coverage gaps due to single-hop topology limitations. While mesh networking addresses this through multi-hop relay, existing LoRa mesh protocols face scalability barriers from broadcast-based routing and fixed-interval control overhead. Flooding protocols create exponential tra!c violating duty cycle constraints, while table-driven protocols waste airtime with unnecessary periodic control packets regardless of network stability. This research implements a gateway-aware cost routing protocol combining three mechanisms: (1) Trickle adaptive scheduling reducing HELLO overhead through exponential backo" and redundancy suppression, (2) multi-metric cost function integrating signal quality and gateway load for path selection, and (3) proactive fault detection with safety mechanisms preventing over-suppression while enabling rapid convergence.The research makes six novel contributions: (1) first complete Trickle adaptive scheduler integrated with LoRaMesher firmware achieving 85-90% suppression e!ciency, (2) discovery that Trickle operates as local per-node decisions rather than network-wide cascades, limiting fault impact regionally, (3) zero-overhead ETX tracking via sequence-gap detection eliminating ACKoverhead, (4) active gateway load sharing with real-time load encoding enabling dynamic traffic distribution, (5) safety HELLO mechanism preventing over-suppression while enabling rapid fault detection, and (6) proactive health monitoring reducing fault detection time versus library baseline.Hardware validation on ESP32-S3 nodes demonstrates approximately 30% HELLO overhead reduction, 96-100% packet delivery ratio in indoor scenarios, and successful dual-gateway load distribution. Multi-hop routing capability is validated with relay nodes forwarding traffic and cost-based routing selecting quality-aware paths unavailable in hop-count protocols. The adaptive overhead reduction and fault-tolerant design enable scalable LoRa mesh deploy ments for resource-constrained applications including agricultural monitoring, industrial IoT, and environmental sensing requiring duty cycle compliance and network resilience. The local fault isolation discovery and zero-overhead ETX tracking represent fundamental contributions to LPWAN mesh protocol research. An Internship Study submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Computer Science Internship Report (M. Sc.) - Asian Institute of Technology, 2025 Computer networks Computer Communication Networks Wireless communication systems Asian Institute of Technology. http://203.159.5.9/ait-thesis/Viewer/viewer.php?id=B23606 http://203.159.5.9/ait-thesis/Viewer/viewer.php?id=B23606 260224 20260818090123.0