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    <subfield code="a">Danh Phan Hong Pham</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Developing predictive models for drought risk assessment in Northeastern Region, Thailand using remote sensing data</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Pathum Thani, Thailand :</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Drought is a recurring phenomenon that significantly impacts the living conditions of  local populations and destabilizes the surrounding environment in Northeastern region,  Thailand. This situation poses a considerable challenge to the region's socioeconomic  stability, necessitating comprehensive and proactive solutions to address the  complexities arising from dry conditions. This research aims to overcome and prepare  solutions for the difficulties associated with the dry condition by employing the  machine learning technique of Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) with varied fixed  window lengths for predicting drought risk in the area under study. The primary  meteorological (PCI and TCI), agricultural (VCI), and hydrological (WCI and ETCI)  drought indices, alongside socioeconomic vulnerability factors, collected over a 22 year period from 2002 to 2024, serve as crucial data for developing predictive drought  risk models. The research findings indicate a high probability of drought localization in  the central to lower sub-region of northeastern Thailand, encompassing Nakhon  Ratchasima, Buri Ram, Surin, Si Sa Ket Khon Kaen, and Maha Sarakham. Notably,  different drought levels, ranging from mild, moderate, severe, and extreme, have  occurred over the years. For prediction purposes, the study utilized two types of LSTM  models: To-One and To-Many, to forecast various environmental factors and detect  drought in the subsequent one and several months, respectively. To assess the models'  performance, statistical measures such as the correlation coefficient (r), coefficient of  determination (R2), and root mean squared error (RMSE) were calculated. The To-One  LSTM model demonstrated high accuracy in providing 1-month drought forecasts,  achieving strong correlations with actual data across multiple scenarios, establishing it  as a reliable model for drought prediction. Specifically, when comparing suitable  window lengths for drought indices generation, the highest correlation in R2 of 0.926  with suitable window lengths of nine months was identified for the drought index of  TCI, whereas the lowest coefficient of determination in the ETCI of 0.140 was found  during the one-month fixed window length. For other indices, the suitable range of  window length expand from 1-month to 6-month period with R2 of 0.434 to 0.688. For  the To-Many LSTM model, the performance exhibited less accuracy, showing more  noise and visual artifacts. In examining drought risk performance by combining  different drought type indices, the research offers a comprehensive image of dryness  conditions by observing and analyzing based on various categories. Overall, by utilizing  machine learning for constructing drought risk assessment with satellite drought  indices, the results present high potential in drought monitoring and forecasting,  particularly when integrated with in-situ information. In future study, this approach can  be a notable prediction method for better understanding drought assessment. </subfield>
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