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    <subfield code="a">Pham Duc Thai</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Development of a strategy for municipal solid waste disposal :</subfield>
    <subfield code="b">a case study of Hanoi city, Vietnam</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Bangkok :</subfield>
    <subfield code="b">Asian Institute of Technology,</subfield>
    <subfield code="c">1999</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Thesis ;</subfield>
    <subfield code="v">no. UE-98-20</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of  Science. School of Environment, Resources and Development </subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Thesis (M.Sc.) - Asian Institute of Technology, 1999</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">The commonly observed phenomenon is more growth of economic activities and population  growth in urban area lead to more urban environmental problems. The environmental problem  with regards to the volume and complexity of wastes has increased in general. In particularly,  inappropriate disposing of municipal solid wastes has become a serious threat to the  environment and public health of the City of Hanoi. The increase in generation of waste and  lack of planning for disposal sites are compounding the problem. While the Hanoi Urban  Environmental Company (URENCO) is primary responsible for planning the disposal sites  along with overall solid waste management for the city, planners are forced to look for  alternatives for an efficient solid waste management in Hanoi in the future, because of the  problem rising magnitude and more urgent, the existing dumpsite has reached its capacity.  With the above in view, this study focussed on some aspects that are important for developing  a strategy for municipal solid waste disposal in Hanoi. This required investigating the current  situation of municipal solid waste management in general and disposal practice in particular.  The methodology of the study involved collection of data and information through field  survey, interview, and analyzing waste samples of the study area. Recent literature on solid  waste disposal in Hanoi was also reviewed. Data analyzed included compositional variations  of total wastes in Hanoi over the last five years. The results show a rapid increase in the total  amount of municipal wastes and significant composition changes. These are related to the  increase of population and living standard in Hanoi in the last few years. In Hanoi, the total  amount of municipal solid waste has "increased from 700 tons per day in 1995 to about 1400  tons per day in 1998, and it is estimated to reach 3500 tons per day by 2020. Until now the  large proportion ( 65%) of municipal solid waste in Hanoi has been transported to the only one  existing open dumpsite. Only a small portion (5 %) is used as input waste of a Cau Dien pilot  composting plant despite the component of organic matters being 62.5 % of the total waste  generated. The amount of the discharged hazardous waste without treating is still high. This  causes considerable pollution in Hanoi. The lack of budget and inefficiency in operation and  management of the responsible organizations also contributed to the problem of municipal  solid waste management in Hanoi in general and municipal solid waste disposal in particular.  To overcome the existing municipal solid waste disposal problems as specified by this study  and based on its related findings, an integrated approach comprising a new sanitary landfill  and a composting plant is suggested in this study. It also includes policy and planning  measures for improvement of the present dumpsite and the composting plant. To deal with the  requirement of operation and management in the future, and for strengthening the capacity of  the responsible organization, a restructuring of URENCO is also suggested. In addition,  reduce, reuse, recycling programs, application of regulatory and economic instruments, and  program for raising people's awareness are recommended as measures to reduce the volume of  municipal solid waste generated and help reach efficiency in municipal solid waste treatment  and disposing.</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Nguyen, Thi Kim Oanh,</subfield>
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