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    <subfield code="a">AIT Thesis no.EV-10-18</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Suntorn Uppamarn</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Environmental and human health risk assessment due to arsenic from abandoned tin mining :</subfield>
    <subfield code="b">a case study of Wiang Pa Pao, Chiangrai Province, Thailand</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Pathum Thani, Thailand :</subfield>
    <subfield code="b">Asian Institute of Technology,</subfield>
    <subfield code="c">2010</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Thesis ;</subfield>
    <subfield code="v">no. EV-10-18</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the  degree of Master of Science in  Environmental Engineering and Management    </subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Thesis (M.Sc.) - Asian Institute of Technology, 2010</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Wiang  Pa  Pao  abandoned  tin  mining  sited in  the  north region of  Thailand. At present,  it changed  land  use  to growing  food  crops  and  small  communities.  It  is  interesting  that arsenic concentration in this area especially, sedimentation area and ore dressing area was very high at 176 mg kg-1 dw. (PCD, 2008) where the arsenic concentration level in soil for growing plants is the same. The objective  of  this  study was  designed  to  find  out the  significant pathways  and distribution pattern of  arsenic that released  from this  mine  site into  the  environmental media  including soil,  surface  water, groundwater and  sediment.  Contour  lines  of  arsenic distribution  pattern,  evaluation  of  environmental and  human  health risk  by  using  hazard quotient, surveying and  monitoring program  at  the  study  mining  site  in  Chiang  Rai Province,  Thailand  were  conducted  to  cover both  rainy  and dry  season  if  the  seasonal effect may have influence As toxicity. Stratified and grid sample methods used to collecting the environmental samples in the study area such as soil, surface water and plants. Surface water samples and seasonal plants sample were  obtained  in both rainy  and  dry  season.  In reflection of  dry  season,  soil,  sediment, groundwater,  and  snail  could  be  collected  only  in  the  rainy  season.  The  concentration of arsenic water samples were higher than standard with the value range from 53-234 mg L-1. The concentration of arsenic in sediment, snail and plants was in the range of 53.75 {u2013}147.50 mg kg-1 dry weight (dw), 16.46 {u2013}1,568.62 mg kg-1wet weight (ww), and 0.23 {u2013}46.88 mg kg-1 dw, respectively. The concentration of  arsenic in  every samples  were  higher than the limit (guideline  and  standard).  However, arsenic concentration  in  soil  was relatively high  at mining site  (201.39  &#xB1;  65  mg kg-1,  topsoil),  dressing area (157.35  mg  kg-1,  topsoil)  and sedimentation area (850.24 mg kg-1, topsoil) as estimated. All of soil samples nearby mining area have high As (average 41 mg kg-1) than limit of Thailand standard at 27 mg kg-1(PCD). From arsenic distribution patter map, it shown high dispersion of arsenic from sedimentation area in mining boundary and  had been accumulating with other heavy metal such as; cooper, iron, lead and manganese. Environment and human health risk  assessment  was  determined  in  the  aquatic biota including surface water, groundwater, sediment and snail. The hazard quotient (HQ) values in  all  samples  were  very  high  and  all  of  them  are  greater  than  one  with  the  value  range from 5-23.4 (HQ: water  samples). There was highly potential risk in  aquatic media at the study area. However, human health risk assessment in three villages was conducted based on  the  intake  of  contaminated foods  and water (plants and snails) where  they live in this area.  The highest value of HQ is estimated from  the  mining area (Ban  Pong Nam  Ron), following by Downstream village (Ban  Cham  Bon), Upstream village (Ban  Pa  Tong), respectively. In  view  of the  mining area where  people  living  and  working  (plantation) there,  this  site  has  very  high  risk.  It  is  a  point  source  where many operations occurred would  bring  in arsenic for  exposure.    Moreover, HQ values  in all zones were  higher  than one. Then,  human  health  is measured as  at  very  high  risk  for  arsenic. While arsenic dispersion from  this  mining  was  very  serious  and  cleanup  site  or  rehabilitate  program should be suggested for the site immediately.</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Abandoned mines</subfield>
    <subfield code="x">Risk assessment</subfield>
    <subfield code="z">Thailand</subfield>
    <subfield code="z">Chiang Rai</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Arsenic</subfield>
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    <subfield code="x">Risk assessment</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">National Science and Technology Development  Agency (NSTDA), Thailand,</subfield>
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