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    <subfield code="a">Kafle, Ranjana</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Evaluation of groundwater vulnerability to and risk assessment methods for pollution in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Pathum Thani, Thailand :</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the d egree of  Master of Engineering in Water Engine ering and Management</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Groundwater is the largest accessible resource but it is v e ry vulnerable to contamination . It  has  been  reported  from  previous  studies  that  groundwater  of  Kathmandu  valley  is highly  vulnerable  to  pollution.  So,  the  vulnerability  and  risk  assessment  can  be  useful  tool  for  identifying  the  vulnerable  and  risk  zones. T his study  focus es on  the  evaluation  of  groundwater  vulnerability  and  risk  assessment  by  different  methods  for  Kathmandu  groundwater basin, Nepal. In this study,  vulnerability assessment is carried out using three methods, index and overlay  method (DRASTIC ,  GOD,  SI),  statistical  method  (Logistic  regression)  and  process  based  method (M ODFLOW and MT3DMS) followed by spatial variability of groundwater quality  assessment.  Moreover, risk assessment is carried out by groundwater risk assessment mode l  (GRAM).  SI method of Index Overlay method gave good result for the study area . The result showed  that about 80% of area is under high vulnerability . Also, 15 %  of the  area is under  high risk  and  5 9 % area is under  moderate  risk. Result from solute transport model show ed that there  was  negligible  transport  of  contamination  in  eight  years  and  the  concentration  decreases  from 25.35 to 24.88 mg/l. The likely concentration for NO 3 - N in some places is still higher  than  the  guideline  of  World  Health  organization  (WHO)  which  i s  50mg/l  of  nitrate  (equivalent to 11 mg/l as NO 3 - N; WHO, 2011a) . This study can provide some preliminary information about vulnerable zones, risk zones and  the  likely  concentration  of  pollu tant in  the  context  of  Kathmandu  groundwater  basin.  The  findings  of this study could be useful for the development, management and monitoring of  groundwater resources.</subfield>
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