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    <subfield code="a">An integrated framework for evaluating the impact of flooding on road infrastructure in Kathmandu :</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Urban flooding increasingly jeopardizes transportation in rapidly expanding Himalayan cities; yet,  there is limited evidence of road damage and economic losses on a corridor-wide scale. This study analyzes the impact of flooding on road infrastructure in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, by  combining comprehensive flood mapping with detailed damage and cost assessments of the  Nakkhu flood incident. The study aimed to identify flood-prone sites in the Kathmandu Valley,  assess flood-related damage to existing roadways, and evaluate the direct and indirect economic  losses associated with such events. Methodologically, the first objective used Sentinel-1 SAR imagery to map the 2024 flood through  threshold-based change detection and Random Forest classification. The second and third  objectives focused on the completed section of the Nakkhu corridor and nearby bridge approaches,  where inundation scenarios were translated into infrastructure damage using an adapted relative  depth-damage function for transport assets, together with unit-cost replacement for direct losses  and factor-based estimation for indirect losses. These analyses were supported by secondary  spatial, hydraulic, and infrastructure data within a GIS-based framework. The results indicate that flood effects in the Kathmandu Valley are spatially uneven and primarily  influenced by terrain, rivers, and urban land use. The analysis using the specified thresholds  yielded approximately 9.38 km&#xB2; of inundated regions, whereas a more thorough assessment of  hydrological alterations in the landscape was achievable with a more precise Random Forest  classification method. In the Nakkhu area, damages and losses exhibited a nonlinear relationship  with flood depth, with bridges and adjacent roadways being particularly susceptible to flooding.</subfield>
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