08694nas a2200409 a 4500 20260817162403.0 210608|2012 th uu m rtt 0| a1eng d .b12305418 AIT Diss no.ET-12-05 Shakya, Shree Raj Analysis of Low Carbon Development Strategies: Role of Transport Sector Electrification and Carbon Tax in Nepal Pathum Thani, Thailand : Asian Institute of Technology, 2012 1 online resource, 234 leaves : ill. Dissertation ; no. ET-12-05 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Engineering in Energy, School of Environment, Resources and Development Themain objective of this study is to analyzethe energy, environmental and economy-wideimplications of selected low carbon development strategiesin Nepal with hugeuntapped hydropower potential butstill relying heavily on the imported fossil fuels. The study developed and used soft linked integrated energy-environment-economic modeling tools to examine the mid and long term effects of a sectoral low carbon strategy, i.e., transport sector electrification and an economy-widecarbon tax strategy. The bottom up energy system model(Nepal-ESM)wasused to studythe effects of selected low carbon strategies on the hydropower development, energy supply mix, energy system cost and global and local environmental emissions, while the overall macroeconomic and welfare implications of the low carbon strategies wereassessedby hybrid top-down type Computable General Equilibrium (Nepal-CGE)model.In order to analyze implications of transport sector electrification, a base case scenario without any policy resulting transport electrification and five counterfactual scenarios with different levels of electrification of the transport system during 2015-2050 were developed. The analysis based on the bottom up Nepal-ESMmodel shows that the transport sector electrification would promote development of indigenous hydropower resource in the country with additional hydropower capacity requirement forvarious transport electrification scenarios compared to the base case scenario.The hydropower capacity addition would increase by up to 538 MW under high (35%) transport electrification scenario EMT20+EV15 (20% modal shifts to electric mass transport (EMT) and 15% penetration of the electric vehicles (EV) by 2050). With the electrification of the transport system, there would be a noticeable improvement in the energy security of the country with decline in the cumulative imported energy (in the range of 6.3% to 14.6%) and improvement in diversification of the primary energy supply system. There would be a decrease in the discounted total energy system cost under the transport electrification scenarios (in the range of 1.0% to 2.0%) as compared to the base case. As a climate related co-benefit, there would be a reduction of 13% greenhouse gas (GHG)emissions in cumulative terms under the 35% transport sector electrification(EMT20+EV15). In addition, there would be a reduction in the emissions of local pollutants(CO, NOX, SO2, NMVOC and PM10).The study also shows that there would be additional employment generation during 2015-2050 associated purely with the additional hydropower development and recharging stations serving electric vehicles required under the transport electrification scenarios. The economy-wideeffects of the transport sector electrification werestudied using the Nepal-CGE model. The main finding of the study indicates that Nepal would benefit economically from the implementation of the transport sector electrification process in thelong run with an increase in the cumulative undiscounted real GDP (in the range of 2.5% to 3.1%) and household welfare under all the transport electrification scenarios. Besides, transport electrification would promote energy efficiency improvement and greeneconomywith a significant reduction in the average energy intensity (in the range of 2.7% to 4.1%) and average GHGemission intensityof GDP (in the range of 4.7% to 7.7%) under different transport electrification scenarios. This highlights the importance of the transport sector electrification as one of the desirable iiioptions for alow carbon development path in the country. It also indicates that the transport sector electrification would result in the appreciation of the national currency triggering reduction in the export of the other non-transport and non-electricity related commodities produced in the country in thelong run (i.e., the presence of Dutch disease kind of effect). Introducing foreign direct investment would reduce such effects to some level.The effectsof the carbon tax were studied by developing a base case scenario without any environmental policy and three counterfactual scenarios with introduction of carbon tax under different GHG stabilization targets of 450 ppmv (CT-HIG), 550 ppmv (CT-MED) and 650 ppmv (CT-LOW)during 2015-2050. The analysisusing Nepal-ESMmodel reveals that there would be a need to install additional hydropower capacity of 614 MW in CT-MED to 945 MW in CT-HIG by 2050. It indicates an improvement in the efficiency of the cumulative total final energy consumption (in the range of 0.03% under CT-HIG to 0.5% under CT-MED) in all the carbon tax scenarios compared to the base case. The study also shows the co-benefits in terms of employment generation associated with additional hydropower development under the carbon tax scenarios and that through the establishment of more electric recharging stations under CT-MED and CT-HIG. It reveals thatthere would be a reduction in the emission of short-lived local pollutants. The adoption of the carbon tax would decrease the discounted net fuel import cost (in the range of 2.2% under CT-LOW to 5.5% under CT-HIG) but increases the discounted total energy system cost including carbon tax(in the range of 0.6% under CT-LOW to 4.7% under CT-HIG). However, if recycling of 100% of the carbon tax revenue back to the economyis considered, the discounted total energy system cost excluding carbon tax is expected to decrease under CT-HIG.Nepal-CGE model was alsoused to examinethe economy-wideconsequences of the carbon tax. It indicates thatif the carbon tax is implemented in Nepal, there would be significant decrease in average energy intensity(in the range of 5.0% under CT-LOW to 2.4% under CT-HIG) and average GHG emissionintensity of GDP (in the range of 6.2% under CT-LOW to 13.7% under CT-HIG) but at the cost of moderate loss in the cumulative undiscounted real GDP (in the range of 2.3% under CT-LOW to 8.1% under CT-HIG) and household welfare as compared to the base case.Under CT-HIG there would be a significant increase in the electricity consumption. However,carbon tax revenue recycling scheme would help to reduce GDP lossand improve household welfare.There would be an additional benefit related to the reductionin average energy intensity if carbon tax revenue is recycled above 50% Electrification Nepal Carbon taxes Nepal Carbon Electric properties Nepal Kumar, Sivanappan, Chairperson Shrestha, Ram M., Examination Committee Shrestha, Rajendra Prasad, Examination Committee Marpaung, Charles O.P., Examination Committee Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Norway, Scholarship donor Asian Institute of Technology. Dissertation ; no. ET-12-05 Full-Text http://203.159.5.9/ait-thesis/detail.php?q=B00518 .b12305418 mnait m 240409 0 210608 m b m 0 mnarc mnarc 40 61 Barcode : 30050120880231 CREATED : 2019-09-04 RECORD # : i1317356x LPATRON : 0 LCHKIN : - # RENEWALS : 0 # OVERDUE : 0 IUSE3 : 0 TOT CHKOUT : 0 TOT RENEW : 0 Barcode : - CREATED : 2019-09-04 RECORD # : i13173571 LPATRON : 0 LCHKIN : - # RENEWALS : 0 # OVERDUE : 0 IUSE3 : 0 TOT CHKOUT : 0 TOT RENEW : 0 4867 4867 0 0 0 0 MAIN MAIN mnarc 2026-08-17 0 AIT Diss no.ET-12-05 30050120880231 2026-08-17 16:24:03 1 2026-08-17 40 0 0 0 0 MAIN MAIN mnarc 2026-08-17 0 AIT Diss no.ET-12-05 2026-08-17 16:24:03 2026-08-17 61