04306nas a2200265 i 450000500170000000800410001703500150005810000180007324501430009126000520023430000150028649000270030150001540032850200570048252029920053965000470353170000410357870000590361970000440367871000570372271000740377971000630385381000590391685600650397520260817162851.0160399s1999    th uu m rtt   0|  a1eng d  a.b117815791 aRai, Babu Ram10aApplication of economic and regulatory instruments for emission management :ba case study of diesel and electric tempos in Kathmandu city  aBangkok :bAsian Institute of Technology,c1999  a140 leaves1 aThesis ;vno. UE-98-15  aA thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of  Science. School of Environment, Resources and Development   aThesis (M.Sc.) - Asian Institute of Technology, 1999  aMetro Kathmandu is facing the menacing problem of vehicular emission, which poses  a serious environmental problem. Vehicular emission particularly originates more from diesel  Tempos (three wheeler vehicles). It is one of the major causes of the air pollution in the Metro.  Absence of land use planning, poor vehicle maintenance, weak enforcement of regulatory  measures, low fuel quality, and import of old vehicles are known to be the other major sources  of vehicular emission. This study focuses on the scope of greater use of regulatory and  economic instruments to abate the emission for improving the air quality of Kathmandu and  thereby contributing to urban environmental management of the city. - An increase of urban population is a major cause of massive growth of vehicles in the  city. The urban population of the Metro was 150,402 in 1971 and it rose to 235,160 in 1981.  By 1991, the population soared to 421,258. As a result, the demand for transportation services  have increased rapidly. One response to this demand has been increased of Tempos in the city  as source of cheap transportation services. But that this cheap service is taking place at an  environmental costs is not commonly understood by all involved ..  Also, most of these vehicles use diesel as their fuels and most diesel Tempo drivers  have old vehicles. These are plying creating more pollution in the Metro. Yet, almost no diesel  Tempo owners and drivers are willing to pay environmental or pollution charges. In the  absence of proper economic and regulatory instruments' applications, this situation remains  unchanged. Conversion of diesel Tempos into electric vehicles is highly desirable to manage  the problem of emission in Kathmandu. One barrier to doing this is the high cost of conversion  DVs to EVs.  The regulatory and economic instruments have been studied for this research from the  above issues in view. Most people would like to see reduction of emission even by banning of  the Tempos. However, once they take by apply them of the regulatory and economic measures  in view, these instruments appreciate their role to contain pollution. They have suggested that  the government should provide subsidy, tax incentives and softloan for the environmentally  friendly electric vehicles' operations and promotions. These highly preferred vehicles,  however, are not getting produced now in sufficient number due to high initial investment and  operating costs. The government had already planned to provide softloan to the battery  charging operators. However, it was not acted properly until January 1999.  Making emission standard compulsory and strict enforcement are required for non  complying vehicles with the provision of higher emission charges and registration fees for  high polluting vehicles. The government should provide incentives and subsidies for EV  operations and promotions, specifically the government should provide softloan for conversion  ofDVs into EVs. 0aDiesel motor exhaust gaszNepalzKathmandu1 aNurul Amin, A.T.M.,eChairperson    1 aMorishita, Hideharu,eExamination committee           1 aThapa, Gopal B.,eExamination Committee2 aNepal Oil Corporation, Kathmandu,eScholarship donor2 aCanadian  International Development Agency (CIDA),eScholarship donor2 aCanadian Universities Consortium (CUC),eScholarship donor2 aAsian Institute of Technology.tThesis ;vno. UE-98-15  3Full-Textuhttp://203.159.5.9/ait-thesis/detail.php?q=B12797