06707nas a2200409 i 4500 20260817162934.0 140399s1999 th uu m rtt 0| a1eng d .b11780691 AIT Thesis no.UE-98-14 Uddin, Md. Nasir Application of regulatory and economic instruments to control air pollution in Dhaka city : a focus on major pollution emitting transportation mode Bangkok : Asian Institute of Technology, 1999 185 leaves Thesis ; no. UE-98-14 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science. School of Environment, Resources and Development Thesis (M.Sc.) - Asian Institute of Technology, 1999 The urban air quality in Bangladesh is fast deteriorating and has reached an alarming level. In Dhaka the levels of Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) range 2 to 4 times the national standards, but up to 12 times worse than the WHO guidelines in the most heavily polluted traffic corridor. Ambient sulfur dioxide levels (S02) are nearly 5 times the national standards in commercial areas and nearly ten times above the WHO guidelines. Lead levels in Dhaka are also high by world standards. Lead pollution reaches its highest level in the air of Dhaka during dry season. The density of lead in Dhaka's air in November- December January comes to 463 nanograms per cubic meter which is higher than even cities like Bombay and Mexico. In Dhaka, transportation is the major source of air pollution. Air pollution is worsening rapidly due to fast increase in vehicle imports and use, particularly the two-stroke engine vehicles. Motor vehicles annually emit 3,700 tons of PMlO, 8,550 tons of nitrogen oxide (NOx), 50,700 tons of carbon monoxide (CO), 21,800 tons of hydrocarbons (HC) and 1.5 million tons of carbon dioxide (C02). Motor vehicles, especially the two-stroke engine vehicles (Baby Taxis and Tempos are the two common ones) are responsible for increase in emissions of both local pollutants and green house gases. Rapid growth in their numbers, poor maintenance, excessive commercial use, fuel adulteration, and lubricant oil quality and quantity all of are additional reasons that have made these vehicles most polluting. The shares of the Two-Stroke Engine Vehicle (TSEV) in total vehicular emission of PMlO, HC, CO, and C02 are 40%, 77%, 44%, and 13%, respectively. The air quality management program in Bangladesh is at an early stage of its development in all areas ranging from scientific understanding of the magnitude to institutional structure. The Department of Environment (DOE), Dhaka division with its limited manpower started air quality monitoring, from 1995 at few places within Dhaka city. Regarding emission inventories, mobile source emissions have been prepared. An inventory of industrial and area emission does not exist. To pursue an effective air quality management program, DOE needs to be strengthened in terms of trained staff, facilities, and equipmets. It is also facing legal and inter- organizational coordination barrier to conduct an effective vehic1es inspection program as well as to take action against the polluters. Thus, vehicles inspection program is sporadic rather than systematic. Analysis of existing laws and regulations exhibits weakness in the legal system that seeks to control vehicular polJution in the country. It needs specific regulations to cover all aspects of vehicular emission e.g. vehicles, traffic management, fuels, and inspection and maintenance. Although some positive steps have already been adopted by the Government of Bangladesh by promulgating the Environment Conservation Act, 1995 and the Environment Conservation Rules, 1997, these act and rules are not best suited to combat with the present air pollution situation of Dhaka city. Presently no economic instruments are being applied as mechanism of providing incentive or levying pollution charges for controlling vehicular air polJution in the country in general and Dhaka city in particular. This study attempts to make a case of applying the regulatory and economic instruments as management measures for improving the air quality in Dhaka city. The air pollution impacts and control mechanism have been identified through the analysis of secondary data/infonnation, questionnaire survey and discussion with concerned officials/experts.The qquestionnaire survey respondents were: households, serviceholders (the salaried employees of the public sector), roadside small traders, owners Baby Taxiffempo owners and drivers. The investigation undertaken for the study reveals that existing vehicular air pollution management system is very weak in respect of policy instruments, emission standards of vehicle, standards of fuel and lubricant, traffic rules, inspection and m~intenance, public . awareness and organizational capacity of DOE. On the basis of the existing situation and the present extent of application of economic and regulatory instruments to control vehicular air pollution, recommendations are made for vehicular air pollution control in general and Baby Taxis/ Tempos emission control in particular by proposing policy measures targeting DOE, vehicles, fuels, lubricant, alternate fuel, traffic management and inspection and maintenance and implementation. Pollution Economic aspects Bangladesh Dhaka Nurul Amin, A.T.M, Chairperson Preeda Pakpian, Examination Committee Nguyen Luong Bach, Examination committee Canadian Universities Consortium (CUC), Scholarship donor Asian Institute of Technology. Thesis ; no. UE-98-14 Full-Text http://203.159.5.9/ait-thesis/detail.php?q=B12796 .b11780691 mnait u 250221 0 000314 m a u 0 mnait mnait mnarc 20 40 Barcode : 30050120322895 CREATED : 2000-03-14 RECORD # : i1217998x LPATRON : 1018491 LCHKIN : 2007-11-20 # RENEWALS : 0 # OVERDUE : 0 IUSE3 : 0 TOT CHKOUT : 24 TOT RENEW : 29 Barcode : 30050120322697 CREATED : 2000-03-14 RECORD # : i12179991 LPATRON : 1018013 LCHKIN : 2007-04-25 # RENEWALS : 0 # OVERDUE : 0 IUSE3 : 0 TOT CHKOUT : 27 TOT RENEW : 20 Barcode : 30050160021308 CREATED : 2016-01-18 RECORD # : i12869156 LPATRON : 0 LCHKIN : - # RENEWALS : 0 # OVERDUE : 0 IUSE3 : 0 TOT CHKOUT : 0 TOT RENEW : 0 6777 6777 0 0 0 0 MAIN MAIN mnait 2026-08-17 50.00 0 AIT Thesis no.UE-98-14 30050120322895 2026-08-17 16:29:34 1 2026-08-17 20 0 0 0 0 MAIN MAIN mnait 2026-08-17 50.00 0 AIT Thesis no.UE-98-14 30050120322697 2026-08-17 16:29:34 2 2026-08-17 20 0 0 0 0 MAIN MAIN mnarc 2026-08-17 0 AIT Thesis no.UE-98-14 30050160021308 2026-08-17 16:29:34 2026-08-17 40