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    <subfield code="a">Applying multiple statistical approaches to predict the spatial distribution of soil contaminants in the Chao Phraya Watershed</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Pathum Thani, Thailand :</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Thesis ;</subfield>
    <subfield code="v">no. EV-21-03</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in Environmental Engineering and Management</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Thesis (M. Eng.) - Asian Institute of Technology, 2021</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">A study using inverse distance weighted, inverse distance weighted with land use, ordinary  kriging, ordinary kriging with land use and geographically weighted regression is done to  compare their performances for soil contaminants (total carbon, total nitrogen, total  phosphorus, lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, nickel, copper and zinc) prediction  in the Chao Phraya watershed. Ordinary kriging with land use has the best performance with  root mean square error at 16.22 with inverse distance weighted having the highest root mean  square error for total carbon. Geographically weighted regression underperforms with its  root mean square error at 1.38 while ordinary kriging with land use has 0,99 which is the  best result for total nitrogen. For total phosphorus, inverse distance weighted completely  underperformed with its root mean square error at 0.77 when compared to the other four  methods and ordinary kriging with land use with root mean square at 0.53 still perform better  than the rest. As for lead, cadmium and zinc, geographically weighted regression  performance improves with its root mean square error at 41.35, 0.64 and 252.43, respectively  when compared to other methods. For total carbon, geographically weighted regression  prediction map shows high concentration at more than 80 grams per kilogram to the northern  most part of the basin while the other four methods show that such high concentration only  occur at the north-eastern part of the basin. The lower part where it is mostly plain shows  consistent concentration of less than 20 grams per kilogram. For total nitrogen,  geographically weighted regression maps follow the same trend as total carbon  geographically weighted regression map with the northern most part having high  concentration at more than 4.5 grams per kilogram. The plain area where paddy land resides  has consistent concentration of less than 1.5 grams per kilogram. For total phosphorus,  ordinary kriging with land use show that large variation occurs between urban land and other  type of land use. The concentration can go as high as 1 gram per kilogram at the most  populated and urbanized area.  Geographically weighted regression model can generate a spatially varied pollutants  distribution due to its nature of correlating different factors including human factors to the  pollutant{u2019}s nature. However, the prediction accuracy while acceptable cannot outperform  ordinary kriging with land use method. Since land use is very important, converting land use  to binary maps for each land use type cannot properly explain the spatial distribution of  pollutants. Land use stratified method produce the best results of all the methods. This is due  to the importance of land use types as it is the main indicator of pollutants source. The  assumption that pollutants will be varied in different types of land use hold true. Among the  five methods, the ordinary kriging with land use performs the best followed by  geographically weighted regression, inverse distance weighted with land use, ordinary  kriging, and inverse distance weighted, respectively.    </subfield>
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