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    <subfield code="a">AIT Diss. no.EV-12-01</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Ponpat Tntarasunanont</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Molecular study of the effect of exposure to arsenic in the environment</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Pathum Thani, Thailand :</subfield>
    <subfield code="b">Asian Institute of Technology,</subfield>
    <subfield code="c">2012</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Dissertation ;</subfield>
    <subfield code="v">no. EV-12-01</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of  Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Engineering and Management , Inter - University Program on Environmental Toxicology, Technology and Management</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Thesis (Ph.D.) - Asian Institute of Technology - Chulabhorn Research Institute - Mahidol University, 2012</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Inorganic  arsenic  is  an  environmental  pollutant   and  known  human  carcinogen.  Arsenic   exposure   in   humans   comes  mainly   from   consumption   of   drinking   water contaminated  with  inorganic  arsenic .  Arsenic  effects  different  organ  systems  in  human   body  with  variety  mode  of  actions.  Several  assumptions  have  been  made  on  its  possible   mechanisms. Study of gene expression profiles in human cell is one of the  models used to  elucidate the effects of arsenic on specific target genes that might respond to the arsenic- induced  genomic  alterations.  Microarray  technology,  which  measures   changes  in  gene   expression  at  the  transcriptional  level,  is  a  powerful  tool  for  studying  global  cellular   responses  to  toxicants.  In  this  study,  exposure  to  arsenic  was  conducted   in  vitro   to  determine  genome -wide  gene  expression  changes.  Moreover,  gene  expression  profiling   was  employed  to  explore  the  effects  on  human  lymphoblast  cell  line  and  on  cord  blood   lymphocyte from unexposed subject exposed to arsenic  in vitro . Two cell types were used  as  model  to  investigate  gene  target  possibly  involved  in  arsenic  induce  genomic   alterations that could be used as gene marker for arsenic exposure and to evaluate genes  signature obtained from these studies as markers of early arsenic exposure. Besides, this  study  aimed  to  compare  the  results  from   in  vitro   studies  with  those  from  the  previous   study  using  cord  blood  lymphocytes  from  newborn  babies  exposed  to  arsenic  in  utero   (Fry et al. 2007) . Lymphoblast cells were treated with 6 concentrations of NaAsO 2  from  0-  10  oM,  which  represented  the  low  environmentally  rele vant  concentration  to  the   high/non- cytotoxic levels. Cord blood lymphocytes were treated for 0, 1.0, 5.0 o M. After  24  hr  RNA  were  isolated  for  gene  expression  study  using  Affymetrix  HG -U133A  Plus2   GeneChip  Array.  Results  obtained  from   in  vitro   studies  revealed  a  number  of  genes   differentially  expressed   in  a   dose -response    manner.  These   included   disease/carcinogenesis related genes e.g stress responsive genes. There is also a common  set  of  genes  found  in  both  cell  types  indicating  the  possibility  of  using  lym phoblast cell  line as a surrogate for lymphocyte. Among the set of genes found to be related to arsenic  exposure in the previous study, some were also represented in this current study such as  the EGR1 gene. Besides the studies on gene expression, the effects of arsenic exposure  in  utero   on  global  LINE -1  and  p53  promoter  methylation  were  studied  in  cord  blood   obtained   from   55   arsenic -exposed   and   16   unexposed   subjects.   The   global   DNA    methylation in arsenic exposed cord blood was not significantly different f rom that of the  unexposed   group   whereas   p53   promoter   methylation   level   was   slightly   increased    compared to the unexposed group. There was a significant correlation (p&lt;0.05) between  p53 promoter methylation and the level of arsenic accumulation in toenails or fingernails  of the newborn babies. The  in vitro  exposure to arsenic and its effects on global LINE -1  methylation,   5MedC   levels   and   p53   promoter   methylation   were   conducted   using    lymphoblast  cell  line   treated  with   NaAsO 2   at  low   dose,  long  duration  (0- 1  oM,   2-  8  weeks ).  There  was  a  decrease  in   methylation  level  (as  %  of  control).  T he  lowest   methylation  level  was  found  at  8  wk  of  treatment  (decreased  by  13.1%   as  compared  to the control) with 0.5 oM arsenite and at 6 wk (decreased by 12.9%) with  1 oM  arsenite  treatment.  Similar  results  were  found  with  5MedC.  There  were   statistical  significant  (p&lt;0.01) at 0.5 and 1.0  o M of 6 wk for long- term treatment indicating high sensitivity of  5MedC detection. For  specific gene (p53) mehtylation, there was  significant  increases in  p53  methylation  le vels  at  4  wk  of  treatment  (3.9,  3.5  folds   for  0.5  and  1  oM  treatment, respectively) then decreased.  In conclusion, This study provides an important finding that  arsenic could effect expression of a variety of genes involved in different pathways both  in cord blood lymphocyte and lymphoblast cell line as well as providing the information  that  in utero  arsenic exposure affected DNA methylation, particularly at the p53 promoter  region,  which  may  be  linked  to  the  mechanism  of  arsenic  carcinogenesis  and  the   observed increased incidence of cancer later in life</subfield>
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