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    <subfield code="a">Assessing spatial and temporal changes of mangrove ecosystem for conservation in Northern Sumatra, Indonesia</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Indonesia has the biggest mangroves in the world, yet studies analyzing mangrove  changes and their relation to ecosystem services for conservation have been limited.  This study's objectives are to evaluate the spatial and temporal change of mangroves in  Medan and Deli Serdang as coastal areas in Indonesia by analyzing changes in land  cover and mangrove ecosystem services. This study estimated the cost-benefit and  prioritized areas for mangrove conservation.  Data used in this study comprises remote sensing, survey data, and information from  Key Informant Interviews. Landsat 5, 7, and 8 to analyze land cover changes in 1994,  2004, 2014, and 2024. The supervised classification using Random Forest was  conducted to classify and compute the area into 5 classes, namely mangroves, built-up,  water bodies, cropland, and aquaculture. The map of mangrove condition, benefit-cost  ratio, current conservation, and proximity were overlaid to obtain the priority of  conservation in Medan and Deli Serdang within different villages.  Medan and Deli Serdang experienced changes in land use from 1994 to 2024. Decreases  were observed in agricultural land and water bodies, while built-up areas and  mangroves increased. Built-up areas are concentrated in Medan, while mangroves  expanded into aquaculture and agricultural use. From 1994 to 2024, Medan and Deli  Serdang experienced significant land use changes, with built-up areas expanding and  mangroves declining by more than half due to conversion to aquaculture and cropland.  This loss reduced mangrove ecosystem services from USD 10,340/year to USD  2,665/year, impacting local communities, such as Percut Village, where fish catches  have declined. Despite the higher cost of restoration (USD 5,229/Ha) compared to  protection (USD 3,990/Ha), all districts show a benefit-cost ratio above 1, making  conservation economically viable. Pantai Labu and Labuhan Deli are key conservation  districts in Medan and Deli Serdang. </subfield>
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