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    <subfield code="a">K. C., Saurav</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Pluvial flood hazard assessment and management under urbanization and climate change scenarios in Kathmandu Metropolitan city, Nepal</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Pathum Thani, Thailand :</subfield>
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    <subfield code="c">2019</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in Water Engineering and Management</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Thesis (M.Eng.) - Asian Institute of Technology, 2019</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Urbanization and climate change collectively impose threats for pluvial flooding in cities.  The transformation of natural landcover toward imperviousness and the changes in local  climatic condition, increases flood frequencies in rapidly growing metropolitans like  Kathmandu. This study emphases to assess the impact of urbanization and climate change in  pluvial flooding of Kathmandu Metropolitan City (KMC), Nepal.  The study used observed rainfall data, three individual RCMs namely ACCESS 1, CNRM  and MPI and one ENSEMBLE RCM (average) to analyze the historical and future rainfall  trend and extreme analysis. The overall results showed that KMC is likely to have more  intense rainfall events with shorter durations in the future. Moreover, the performance of  ensembled RCM after linear bias correction shows an underestimation for extreme events as  compared to individual RCMs. The study deals with the individual and combined impact of  urbanization and climate change using PCSWMM Professional 2D model and the results  show that, KMC is likely to have increase in flood volume, extent, depth and velocity.  CNRM (2 and 20-year return period) under RCP 4.5 projects the maximum flooding in  future. The increase in flood volume for current and extreme imperviousness under different  climate change scenarios is likely to be more than 60% exceeding up to 90% as compared to  the baseline conditions. For a 2-year return period, KMC is likely to increase in flooding  extent with average maximum depth 0.10-0.25 m (low- medium hazard depths). Similarly,  the flooding velocity is likely to increase in the areas with a depth greater than 0.25-0.4 m  (and higher). In case of the 20-year return period, KMC is likely to have more increase in  flooding areas having depth between 0.25-0.4m followed by areas with depth more than  O.4m.  The four major cause of frequent pluvial flooding in KMC are increased impervious cover,  unplanned settlement, clogging of sewers and undersized design of sewers. The study  analyzed that reducing the surface runoff through infiltration and introducing overflow  storages can reduce flood by 20-35%. Furthermore, there is a great need for exploring  location-based effective adaptation and/or management options to reduce the frequent  pluvial flood in KMC.  </subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Sarawut Ninsawat,</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Somchai Chonwattana,</subfield>
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