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    <subfield code="a">Assessing the reliability and resiliency of the groundwater aquifer system in Chao Phraya River Basin, Thailand</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in Water Engineering and Management</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Based on satellite observations of Earth{u2019}s time variable gravity field from the Gravity Recovery  and Climate Experiment (GRACE), it is possible to derive variations in terrestrial water storage,  which includes groundwater, soil moisture, and snow. Given auxiliary information on the latter  two, one can estimate groundwater storage variations. GRACE may be the only hope for  groundwater depletion assessments in data-poor regions of the world. In this study, soil moisture  and surface water were simulated by the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) &amp;  dam storage data and used to isolate groundwater storage anomalies from GRACE water storage  data for the Chao-Phraya River basin and its four major sub-basins. The results showed that the  GRACE-estimated shallow GWS anomalies during 2002{u2013}2017 agree well with the observed  groundwater change anomaly. More than 1300 groundwater wells data has been evaluated in the  study. The water in the top most aquifer is not potable due to high salinity occurring since the  deposition. In this review, the approaches used for estimating groundwater storage variations are  presented along with the main applications of GRACE data for groundwater monitoring. Issues  that were related to the use of GRACE-based TWS are also addressed. However, the high  production and newly developed wells at the greater depths are mostly served for industrial  purposes &amp; other domestic purposes. Due to the past uncontrolled over pumping of groundwater,  certain aquifers and overlying clay layer are under substantial stress, leading to serious land  subsidence which at its most severe amounts to 0.8 cm/year in Bangkok region. Normalized  GRACE-derived groundwater storage deviations are shown to quantify groundwater storage  deficits during the GRACE record, which we define as the GRACE Groundwater Drought Index  (GGDI). In this research, GGDI is applied over the study area, a regional aquifer undergoing  intensive human activities and subject to significant drought periods during the GRACE record.  Combining the drought and sustainability indexes, as presented in this work, constitutes a  measure for quantifying groundwater sustainability. Hence, Resiliency &amp; reliability has been  evaluated by GGDI which is varies 30-35 percent in all 8 sub-basins. This framework integrates  changes in groundwater resources due to human influences and climate changes. </subfield>
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