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    <subfield code="a">AIT Thesis no.ET-16-04</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Niraula, Pragya</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">An assessment of sustainable energy access in rural households :</subfield>
    <subfield code="b">a case of Kavrepalanchowk District, Nepal</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Pathum Thani, Thailand :</subfield>
    <subfield code="b">Asian Institute of Technology,</subfield>
    <subfield code="c">2016</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Thesis ;</subfield>
    <subfield code="v">no. ET-16-04</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in Energy</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Thesis (M.Eng.) - Asian Institute of Technology, 2016</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">72%  of  rural populations in  Nepal are  estimated  to  have  access  to  electricity and  90%  of rural  populations still depend  on  traditional  biomass  for  cooking.  Nepal  has  opted  for  the UN  initiative  for  Sustainable  Energy  for  All  since  August 2012,  which  has  one  of  its objectives  to  provide  universal  energy  access  by  2030.  To  reach  into  the  required  target, understanding the energy consumption pattern and identify sustainable access to clean and affordable energy services is essential. Therefore,  the  main  objective  of  this  study  is  to  identify  status  of  energy  access  and sustainable resource options to satisfy basic energy services in rural households. The study and its findings are mainly based on a household survey taken in one of the rural VDC in Kavrepalanchowk  District  of  Nepal  named  as  Pokhari  Chauri.  This  dissertation  presents the  energy  access  scenario  of  rural  households  from  four  different  perspectives  namely energy  poverty,  energy  demand,  renewable  energy  resource  and  cost  assessment. It  was found  that  over  90%  of  sample  households  are  in  Tier  2  level  (within  the  range  of  67-321kWh/HH/year)  in  terms  of  electricity  access  and  over  70%  of  the  sample  households are  in  Tier  0  (using  traditional  cook  stoves)  in  terms  of  cooking  access. The minimum threshold   level   of   basic   energy   services   in   Pokhari   Chauriwas   found   to   be 135kWh/HH/year. The current and future electricity demand under BAU case and Energy Access  program  was  estimated  for  Pokhari  Chauri  households.  It  was  found  that  energy poor households  could  not  meet  GTF{u2019}s  minimum  threshold  level  (250kWh/HH/yr)  by 2030  under  BAU  case  while  under  EA  program  energy  poor  households  could  reach 254kWh/HH/yr.  The  energy  non-poor  population  would  reach  the  GTF  threshold  level  of electricity consumption by 2021 under BAU case while under EA goals; energy non-poor households will  use  almost  606kWh/HH/year. Solar  resources,  agricultural  residue  and hydro  power  were  determined  as  feasible  energy  resources  for  electricity  generation  in Pokhari Chauri. To meet the load demand of both energy poor households and energy non poor  households,  different  scenarios  are  created.  The  simulation  result  showed  that  the micro  hydro  plant  was  able  to  meet  the  energy  demand  of  rural  households  in  all  the scenarios based on low NPV and low COE. The least cost of electricity varies from 0.101 to 0.237$/kWh depending upon loads under different scenarios.  In order to meet the peak load  demand  in some scenarios, batteries  and  converter  are  also  considered  for  optimal design. The  study  have built  a  better  understanding  of  how  various  interventions  can  improve access by  considering  various  attributes  of  energy  supply.  In  our  case,  the  generation project  must  focus  for  longer  hours  of  electricity  supply,  improvement  on  unscheduled electricity  supply,  adequate  voltage  supply.  Likewise,  for  cooking  access  national  scale program can be  launched  to  introduce  advance  biomass  cookstoves  with  proper  training and  awareness  for  using  it  that  would  move  households  from lower to  the  middle  tiers. Improvement of existing micro  hydro  with  proper  infrastructure  and  the  use  of  efficient machinery  are suggested  through  this  study to  meet  the  current  and  the  future  electricity demand of households in Pokhari Chauri.</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Renewable energy sources</subfield>
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