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035			_a.b12039950
099		0	_aAIT Thesis no.NR-07-17
100	1		_aGyamtsho, Thinley
245	1	0	_aEnvironmental conservation policy in Bhutan : _bimpacts and implication on rural livelihood & natural resources
260			_aPathum Thani, Thailand : _bAsian Institute of Technology, _c2007
300			_a136 p. : _bill.
490	1		_aThesis ; _vno. NR-07-17
500			_a A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, School of Environment, Resources and Development
502			_aThesis (M.Sc.) - Asian Institute of Technology, 2007
520			_aThe purpose of conservation is to ensure continuous human welfare from the natural environment. In reality it has provided a tool to legitimize for those who are in power to control the resources often at the cost of social welfare of the common people who are powerless. Conservation history in third world was not of a happily shared interest between rural people and the state conservation bodies wherein the local resource users were considered as an unnatural presence and cause disturbance to ecological equilibrium by their grazing animals, hunting lifestyles, and shifting cultivation practices. While on the other hand tourist with cameras, hotel proprietors and tour operators, scientist and big game hunters were allowed. Bhutan already had more than 64% of the country's area under forest cover, while arable agriculture land constituted only 8%. Although, modem form of conservation started late in 1970s, in Bhutan has managed to allocate 39% of the country under the protected area system by 2004 (NCD, 2004) through the creation conservation areas. Its diverse ecosystems are endemic to more than 5,400 species of vascular plants, 770 species of birds and 170 species of mammals are known as the crown jewels of the Eastern Himalayas-a region recognized as a global biodiversity hotspot. Intention of this study was to assess socioeconomic benefits of environmental conservation policy by explaining the rural livelihood characteristics in five study villages in three Dzongkhags. The study revealed that on the average 35% of the arable land is being fallow mainly due to the crop damage by wildlife, lack of labour to guard crop, and policy restrictions on landuse (overage Tseri). Within the cultivated area 45% of the production was damaged by wildlife despite allocating 29% of effective labour for guarding crops and doing protection works annually. In the study villages 14% of the households had one room, 60% of HH were temporary structure, and 85% of the household were older than thirty years indicating poor housing condition due to poor socioeconomic condition. The study concluded that despite enormous benefit environmental conservation policy has help to achieved at the national level, it had not benefited directly 70% of the country's population who are staying in rural area. Rather rural farmers are enduring untold socioeconomic loss by having to restrict entitlements to their livelihood sources for the purpose of environmental conservation. This has resulted in increasing incidence of food deficit and poverty forcing 44% of the household in Kenmong to migrate to urban centres. This explains why the rural area has higher incidence of poverty rate of 38.3% compared to only 4.3% in urban area (NSB-RGoB, 2004). Study recommends that there is a need to institute cost and benefit sharing mechanism if the intention of environmental conservation policy is to ensure the welfare of all citizens. This will provide basis for realizing the most cherish goal GNH.
650		0	_aConservation of natural resources _zBhutan
700	1		_aShivakoti, Ganesh P., _eChairperson
700	1		_aSchmidt-Vogt, Dietrich, _eExamination Committee
700	1		_aWebb, Edward L., _eExamination Committee
710	2		_aCouncil for RNR Research of Bhutan, _eScholarship donor
710	2		_aSwiss Development Corporation, _eScholarship donor
810	2		_aAsian Institute of Technology. _tThesis ; _vno. NR-07-17
856			_3Full-Text _uhttp://203.159.5.9/ait-thesis/detail.php?q=B03472
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