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099		9	_aAIT Diss. no. HS-99-03
100	0		_aSoparatana Jarusombat
245	1	0	_aManaging hazardous industrial wastes in the Bangkok region
260			_aBangkok : _bAsian Institute of Technology, _c1999
300			_a171 leaves
490	1		_aDissertation ; _vno. HS-99-03
500			_aA dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, School of Environment, Resources and Development
502			_aThesis (Ph.D.) - Asian Institute of Technology, 1999
520			_aManaging hazardous industrial wastes (HIW) is an increasingly important environmental issue throughout the world. This is true not only for the industrialized cow1tries, but also for the developing countries. As nations increase their industrial base, HIW as by-products of economic activity grow. Managing HIW in a safe manner requires a holistic approach considering comprehensively all alternatives available to institute a 'cradle to-grave' management system. Although there is a large and diverse array of literature available on the management of HIW, most of them deal with the technical aspects of managing HIW. The literature on management measures (i.e. laws, regulations, monitoring, incentives, education, promotion and financial aspects), as part of an effective HIW management strategy, is rather limited. Neither the existing nor the emerging literature on HIW management adequately reflects the realization that these management measures are important factors influencing HIW generators' decision whether. or not to adopt and implement safe HIW management. One task of the present study is, therefore, to demonstrate the importance of management measures in dealing with HIW by reviewing the experience of HIW management in some coWltries. In order to find effective measures for ensuring safe HIW management, this study selected the Bang Khuntien HIW treatment facility in Bangkok, Thailand as a case study. Factory producing HIW in the Bangkok region were studied to identify factors influencing their decision on making use or not making use of the treatment facility. Finally, this study evaluates the prevailing HIW management measures in Thailand in order to propose a package of measures for improving the HIW management. The regulat01y, economic, and suasive measures essentially constitute the analytical basis for this study. The study reviews the experiences and lessons in HIW management of the four countries (Hong Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore). This review clearly suggests that effective HIW management relies upon a combination of actions and measures. Impo1iance of both technical and regulatory measures can hardly be overstated in HIW management since HIW is a special category of wastes with serious health hazards. It requires stringent government regulations and safeguards (e.g. strict discharge standards). Economic and financial measures are also needed as mechanisms for financing the implementation and enforcement of these regulations and for generating appropriate doses of incentive and disincentive signals pertaining to all phases of HIW management. Historically, the regulatory/command and control (CAC) measures have dominated the scene in pollution control and waste management worldwide. Governn1ents have largely used regulatory measures in the form of direct regulation such as bans, setting of standards, etc. This approach has been criticized for not achieving some of the legislative objectives, and for being economically inefficient and difficult to enforce. In recent days, economic measures have been receiving greater attention on the ground that they provide cost-effective means, flexibility, and revenue for governments. This study argues that for managing HIW effectively regulatory measures are of central importance. 11 By using a 96 factory research sample ( 44 user and 52 non-user factories drawn from 130 HIW factories in the Bangkok region, Thailand) of a central HIW treatment facility (Bang Khuntien) this study has investigated the factory characteristics and decision-making influences, which reveal a distinct pattern among the studied factories in their use or non use of the treatment facility. The majority of the non-users are: (i) small- and medium-scale factories, (ii) small generators of HIW, (iii) non BOI concession recipients, and (iv) located far away from the facility. The main reasons for not making use of the facility include: (i) high costs of using the facility, (ii) not having much HIW, (iii) not sure about the facility's capacity, and (iv) reliance on other private contractors. The results from a multiple regression analysis show that the factory decision on usage of the central HIW facility is positively influenced by its s;ze, amount of HIW generated, knowledge of the facility, pressure from regulators, employees' welfare considerations, and community's welfare cons;deration but is negatively influenced by distance from the treatment facility and costs of using the treatment facility. Among these significant variables, the very knowledge of existence of the facility has the strongest effect on the factory decision (the coefficient value being 0.6168). Other variables which also have the strong effects are: costs of using the facility (-0.5260), pressure from the regulators (0.3506), and commw1ity's welfare considerations (0.2548). These findings thus confirm the potency of management measures in influencing factory decision on way to manage their HIW. The study used jive criteria (clarity, ease of enforcement, consistency with other pollution control program, incent;ves for improvement, concordance with the polluter-pays principle) for assessing the regulat01y, economic, and suasive measures currently used for HIW management in Thailand. The results of the study show that some regulatory measures are not clear enough to ensure safe HIW management. Identification and classification of HIW generators, transporters, and operators of HIW treatment and disposal facilities are also only partial and incomplete. Standards for the proper HIW storage and transportation are not clearly stated either. Permit, licensing, and monitoring systems for parties involving in HIW management are in concordance with the polluter-pays-principle, but, they are not in consistence with other pollution control programs and do not provide incentives for improvement. Liability of HIW generators in case of non-compliance is briefly stated with no clear definite responsibility and legal liability. It is also found that penalty provisions on improper management of HIW are not geared for easy enforcement. In the case of economic measures, the study found that the compatibility of user charge system with the polluter-pays-principle is quite good: those who produce a large amount of HIW and produce HIW having high toxicity characteristics pay higher charges than those who produce less HIW. Tax exemptions and subsidies are also easy for enforcement and provide good incentives for improvement ofHIW management. Suasive measures are not adequate for ensuring safe HIW management. There are no program of information dissemination even on the existence of the central HIW treatment and disposal facilities and the environmentally sound technologies for safe HIW management. Moreover, there is no program in the Thai tertiary education system that provides an in-depth curriculum on HIW management. lll The study recommends that the use of regulatory measures for managing HIW in Thailand has to be amended for ensuring an adequate 'command and control' system for HIW from 'cradle-to-grave', i.e. to influence the behavior of all those involved in the generation, transportation, treatment, recycling/recove1y and disposal of HIW. Generators of HIW need to be distinguished according to the quantity of the wastes they produce. Definite types of containers for HIW storage need to be clearly stated. A manifest system for controlling the transportation of HIW need to be established. Existing procedures requiring repo1iing of HIW generated, transported, stored, treated, and disposed of need to be modified. All new HIW factories should be located in the designated areas (e.g. industrial estates). Factories which cannot afford to safely treat and dispose of HIW should not be permitted to _operate. The scope of applying the economic and suasive measures to complement the strong regulatory measures are also specified, e.g. performance bonds, tax reduction, and environmental funds for factories managing the HIW in a proper manner. Similarly, on the suasive measures front, this study finds a strong case for dissemination of information to the HIW factories, particularly the small-scale ones. Information on existence of central HIW treatment and disposal facilities and the teclmology for safe HIW management need to be disseminated.
520			_aFinally, the government's extensive support to research and training programs is seen as crucial for increasing the teclmical and professional capabilities in safe HIW management.
650	1	0	_aSewage disposal plants _xThailand _xBangkok
700	1		_aAmin, A.T.M. Nurul, _eChairperson
700	1		_aArcher, Ray W., _eExamination committee
700	0		_aChongrak Polprasert, _eExamination Committee
700	0		_aPreeda Pakpian, _eExamination Committee
700	1		_aJoo-Hwa Tay, _eExamination committee
710	2		_aRoyal Thai Government, _eExamination committee
810	2		_aAsian Institute of Technology. _tDissertation ; _vno. HS-99-03
856			_3Full-Text _uhttp://203.159.5.9/ait-thesis/detail.php?q=B11936
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